Vitamin B12

Dear Dr. B: What is the importance of vitamin B12? What are the causes of its deficiency?

Answer: Our body needs vitamin B12 to make blood cells. It is also important for normal function of nerve cells in the brain and the peripheral nerves.

Vitamin B12 deficiency frequently occurs in elderly people although it may also be present in the young, particularly women. It is estimated that 30 per cent of the adults older than 50 may have vitamin B12 deficiency.

Lack of vitamin B12 causes anemia and causes damage to the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. The symptoms of these conditions may be obvious or quite subtle. Screening for B12 deficiency (by way of a blood test) is recommended in the following groups of people:
-all elderly patients who are malnourished
-all patients in institutions and psychiatric hospitals
-all patients who have blood disorders, neurological or psychiatric problems.

Vitamin B12 is an important vitamin that we usually get from our food. It is mainly found in meat and dairy products.

There are various reasons why a person is low in vitamin B12. There may not be enough of it in our diet. Especially vegetarians who do not eat meat or dairy products are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. But the vegetarians can get enough of it from legumes.

Quiet often the cause of B12 deficiency is not poor diet but problems with absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract.

The vitamin is absorbed through the last part of our small intestine. It can be absorbed after a protein called intrinsic factor attaches to it. Intrinsic factor is made in our stomach and attaches to vitamin B12 only if there is enough acid in the stomach.

But there are many individuals who take medication to reduce acid in the stomach in cases like gastritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease or bacterial infection (H. pylori). These individuals are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency if they are on these medications on a long term basis.

Pernicious anaemia is a fairly common condition in which the stomach does not have enough acid and does not make intrinsic factor normally. Absorption of vitamin B12 is also impaired in individuals who have had intestinal illness or intestinal surgery, which makes it hard for the intestines to absorb vitamin B12.

Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamin was first isolated in 1948 and was immediately shown to be effective in the treatment of pernicious anaemia. The liver contains most of the body’s B12 (about 1.5 mg), followed by the kidneys, heart, spleen, and brain. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B12 is 2.4 micrograms/day for persons aged 14 to 70 years. The average diet contains about 5 micrograms daily.

Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency is by B12 injections on a regular basis for the rest of person’s life.

Thought for the week:

“Age does not protect you from love but love to some extent protects you from age.”
-Jean Moreau

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Did you know?

Here are some medical news items of interest. Enjoy!

Candles in church? Holy smoke!

A news item by Karen Birchard in the Medical Post (December 7, 2004) reports that church air, filled with the particulates from burning candles and incense, is likely a health hazard.

Dutch researchers found the air quality was worse inside the church after normal incense use coupled with daylong candle burning, than measurements taken outside in areas used by 45,000 vehicles a day

This study was published in the European Respiratory Journal. The air pollution inside the church could affect the heath of priests and perhaps devout churchgoers who might be in church several times a day.

Is Vitamin E any good?

A report in the Journal of the American Medical Association reports that taking 400 IUs of vitamin E each day did nothing to prevent heart attacks or strokes. In fact vitamin E may slightly increase the risk of heart failure.

But Vitamin E is not useless. It is known to delay the onset of macular degeneration (which causes blurred vision and ultimately blindness) and boost the immune system in the elderly.

Who makes the house call?

You won’t have to make a house call to Preda residence. Mom, Dad and triplets are all doctors. At the age of 24, the triplets graduated together as doctors from University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

According to a report in the Medical Post, this is the first time triplets have simultaneously graduated in medicine anywhere in the world.

The triplets will be doing internship in the same Sydney hospital. Two of the sisters are identical and the third one resembles the other two strongly. Now how would you know who is your doctor?

Wondered about sleep sex?

A doctor in Sydney, Australia says that “sleep sex” is a recently identified condition that will likely be included in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. “Sleep sex” is a behavioural disorder, in which the body is free to move during sleep and act out dream activities.

The Medical Post reports that Australian doctors claim to have cured a middle-aged woman who regularly left her unsuspecting partner’s bed and had sex with strangers while asleep. This was thought to be stress-related behavior which disappeared after psychiatric counseling.

For your Tuesday smile!

A guy’s wife asks him, “If I were to die, would you get married again and share our bed with your new wife?”

And he says, “I guess I might.”

“What about my car?” she asks. “Would you give that to her?”

And he says, “Perhaps”.

“Would you give my golf clubs to her, too?” his wife asks.

“No.”

“Why not?” asks the wife.

“She is left-handed!”

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Medication Awareness

Last week Thursday, Palliser Health Region’s Community Health Services organized a medication awareness session at the Medicine Hat Public Library Theatre. Speakers for the evening were Dr. Fredrykka Rinaldi, a family physician who has practiced in Medicine Hat for the past 14 years and Ken Walker, a local pharmacist, who has lived here for the last 30 years.

Yours truly was the moderator of the session. Rinaldi and Walker discussed many aspects of medication errors. I think the evening was very informative and there were many questions from the audience.

Usually the error is in communication. How we communicate with each other, how we understand each other and how we implement advice given to us.

You, as a patient, trust your doctor and pharmacist. Your doctor and pharmacist trust you. They want you to be an informed patient, to listen and remember the instructions given to you and follow them carefully.

It is a complex process.

In a perfect world life would be wonderful if everything went according to plan and everybody did what he or she was expected to do. In the real world, the one we live in, there will be mistakes and problems; there will be breakdown in communication and there will be confusion.

For the purpose of this column, let us keep it simple. Generally speaking, if you remember and follow the following five principles, you will be able to prevent errors in medication use:

-Almost every medication (prescription or purchased over-the-counter) has likely side-effects and may interact with other medications you take.

-Always carry a list of medications you take (prescription or purchased over-the-counter) and a list of allergies. Remember to present the list to a health care provider when you are seeking medical advice.

-If you are taking pills for a long time for chronic illnesses, whether it is one medication or several, always have the pills reviewed by your doctor every six to 12 months.

-Make sure you are taking the right medications, for the right reasons, in the right way and they are compatible with other medications you use. Keep them in a safe place.

-Make sure it is safe to drive while on these medications.

Concern about patient safety is growing and 33 percent of Albertans worry about medical mistakes. Research has shown that patients who take high number of prescription and non-prescription medications have more than 50 percent risk of having medication error when they are admitted to a hospital or see a physician who is not aware of what the patient takes.

As an informed patient you should be able to prevent this.

For a Tuesday smile!

Last week-end I went to a local golf course where I am a member and store my golf bag and clubs. There was a young fellow who was helping members with their bags. So I asked him if he could bring my bag as I wanted to hit some balls on the driving range. He went inside and did not show up for a while.

I got worried. I went inside to see what was happening. He was still looking for my bag. The bags are usually stored in alphabetical order. So I reminded him that my last name starts with B.

He said, ‘There are too many Bs here.’

I said, ‘I hope you have enough honey!’

He smiled. Did you?

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Deep Vein Thrombosis

Dear Dr. B: I broke my foot about eight months ago and while in a cast ended up with a blood clot in the opposite leg two weeks later. I was on warfarin (blood thinner) for six months. I am now wondering what the chances are of this happening again and is there any way of knowing for sure that the blood clot has dissolved. Would ultrasound help?

Answer: Blood clots in the leg veins are not an uncommon problem. A blood clot in a superficial vein is known as superficial thrombophlebitis. This condition is usually not serious or life threatening.

A blood clot in a deep vein of a leg is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This is a serious condition as the clot may dislodge, travel through the blood stream and plug a vessel in the lung (pulmonary embolism). Pulmonary embolism (PE) can be fatal.

The calf muscles act as a second pump (first pump being your heart). The contraction of the calf muscles and the valves in the deep veins help push the blood from the lower extremity towards the heart.

DVT occurs when the blood moves through deep veins in the legs more slowly than normal or when there is some condition that makes blood more likely to clot. Two common examples are: when you are bedridden (after surgery, injury or chronic illness) or when you sit still for a long time (such as during a long plane flight or a long road trip). Under these conditions the blood moves more slowly and stagnation promotes clotting.

Obesity, cancer and smoking cigarettes also increase the risk of DVT.

Blood thinners (anticoagulants) like heparin and warfarin are used to treat DVT and prevent pulmonary embolism. The blood thinners do not dissolve the clot. They stop the clot from getting bigger, prevent the clot from breaking off and reduce the chances of having another blood clot.

The most common and sometimes very serious side effect of anticoagulant therapy is bleeding. Blood tests will check how well the medicine is working. If you bruise or bleed easily while on blood thinners then talk to your doctor and get a blood test done.

The risk of having recurrent DVT depends on the risk factors as outlined earlier. Generally speaking, if you have had DVT once then this does increase the risk of another DVT.

Clinically or radiologically there is no test to confirm if the clot is completely dissolved. The body takes its own time to dissolve the clot or the clot may get organized and form scar tissue, permanently blocking the vein or damaging the valves. Warfarin does not dissolve the clot. Normally, no tests are done to check if the clot is still present as the tests can be inconclusive or confusing.

Did you know?

According to Maclean’s magazine (April 25, 2005), a prominent Israeli rabbi now says it’s kosher to take Viagra during Passover so long as the little blue pill is placed in a special gelatin capsule before April 23, when the holiday begins. Putting the pill in a kosher capsule keeps its leavened coating from technically coming into contact with the body.

A reminder:

Palliser Health Region’s Community Health Services has organized Medication Awareness public information session to be held on Thursday, May 5, from 7:00 to 8:30 pm at the Medicine Hat Library Theatre. It is a free public information session to discuss the use and misuse of prescription and non-prescription drugs.

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