Lesbians and Cervical Cancer

Do lesbians get cervical cancer? Do they need Pap smear on regular basis?

This is a good question. Most people would think that lesbians do not get cervical cancer. That is not true.

This subject is discussed in an editorial in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) titled, “Health needs of women who have sex with women”. I will attempt to summarize it here.

The editorial starts by saying, “…..lesbian is a term that describes sexual identity. However, sexual identity does not necessarily predict sexual behavior—most lesbians have a history of sexual intercourse with men.”

We know that sexual intercourse with men is a powerful risk factor for cervical cancer. The virus responsible for developing changes in the cervix, which may eventually lead to cervical cancer, is called genital human papillomavirus. Studies have shown that one in five women who have never had heterosexual intercourse have human papillomavirus.

“Therefore regular testing of cervical (Pap) smears should be recommended to all women who have sex with women, regardless of their present or past sexual activities”, says the BMJ editorial.

Another condition is called “bacterial vaginosis”. This is more common in women who have sex with women than heterosexual women—it is found in up to half of women who have sex with women.

Sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis, are less common amongst women who have sex with women – but they are still at risk. The editorial says that overall more than 10 percent of women with exclusively female partners have a history of sexually transmitted infections.

Female to female sexual transmission of HIV has been reported. The editorial also briefly touches on other aspects of lesbian lifestyle which can affect lesbian’s mental and physical health.

Another article in the same issue of the BMJ provides online health information web links for lesbians. There are many sites. I will mention just two:

Health Canada site is: www.hcsc.gc.ca/english/women/facts_issues/lesbian_health.htm.

American Government site is: www.4woman.gov/faq/Lesbian.htm.

These sites offer guidance about the frequency with which lesbian women should have pap smears, screening for sexually transmitted infections, and mammograms.

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Bowel Cancer

How common is bowel cancer?

Cancer of the large bowel (colon and rectum) is the third common cause of death from cancer. Cancer of the small bowel (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) is quite rare.

In Palliser Health Region (PHR), about 44 new cases of colon and rectal cancers are diagnosed each year. And about 20 patients die from this disease each year.

The incidence of colon and rectal cancer between the ages of 20-49 years is less than 0.18 cases per 1000 population. Between 50-59 years of age, it is less than 0.66 cases per 1000 population. After this the incidence of colon and rectal cancer jumps from 1.74 cases/1000 population at 60 to 3.85 cases/1000 population at age 90.

According to the statistics published by the Alberta Cancer Board, the incidence and death rates for all cancers in PHR are similar to provincial rates. Exception being the female breast cancer incidence rate – it appears to be lower than the provincial rate.

The statistics also show that number of new cases of cancer (all cancers) among males in PHR is consistently higher than females.

What symptoms and signs one should look for?

Rectal bleeding is the most important symptom. It should never be ignored at any age. Most rectal bleeding is due to benign disease. But one can never be sure until the symptom has been investigated and cause of the bleeding is identified.

A person over 60 with rectal bleeding, anemia, weight loss, and mass in the abdomen or rectum probably has colon or rectal cancer – unless it can be proven otherwise.

Other symptoms of significance are: change in bowel habit, change in caliber of stool, and sense of incomplete defecation.

What investigations are required to check for colon and rectal cancer?

A good history and physical examination is very important in all patients. This includes a rectal examination. A blood test may be ordered to check if you are anemic. If there are bowel symptoms without obvious rectal bleeding then stool can be checked for hidden blood (fecal occult blood test – FOBT).

Further investigation depends on your age and risk factors. Patients with low risk factors can be investigated with a flexible sigmoidoscopy (a 60cm flexible instrument). Barium enema may become necessary in some patients. Patients with high risk factors require a colonoscopy (a 160 cm flexible instrument).

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Deal should have patients in mind: Docs

Medicine Hat News

Thursday, November 13, 2003

Deal should have patients in mind: Docs

By DAVID FREEMAN

Doctors hope that the end result of an historic eight-year agreement reached between the province, health regions and physicians this weekend will be used to improved services for patients.

According to Dr. Noorali Bharwani, a physician in Medicine Hat, the deal is a step toward reforming the health system, but he is taking a wait and see attitude.

“I don’t know how the patients will benefit,” he said. “When patients can’t see a family doctor for a month, there’s something wrong.”

Alberta Health and Wellness and the Alberta Medical Association, along with representatives of the provincial health authorities, agreed on the eight-year deal that will see a fundamental changes in the way the three entities work together to improve patient care.

On the top of the list of changes is making the health regions equal partners in the process.

“This is the first time those who are responsible for managing the region are equal partners with those who deliver front-line services,” said Christianne Dubnyk, a spokesperson for Alberta Health and Wellness.

Representatives for the Palliser Health Region could not be reached for comment before press time.

According to Dubnyk, no labour deal in Canada has ever been eight years before. The agreement will last until March 31, 2011 and is retroactive to April 1, 2003, which was when the last agreement ended.

“[It’s] the amount of time needed to fundamentally change how the three parties interact,” she said.

“Previous terms [with the AMA] were two years. That’s simply not long enough. It’s safe to say this is new territory,” Dubnyk continued. “We definitely need time to work things out.”

The Master Agreement has four main agreement components designed to see a co-operative effort in reforming health care in this province.

The most dynamic aspect of the deal is the Primary Care Initiative agreement. It will see a co-operative effort between doctors, health region officials and the province to develop plans for each health region to identify specific needs and assign specific costs to address problems in each region.

The Local Primary Care Initiative will be entered into by physicians and the region, said Dubnyk. They will then come up with a business plan assessing the needs of the community and receive up to $50 per patient in funding if accepted by the Primary Health Care Committee and a Master Agreement Committee.

Part of the business plan will be assessing the use of other health care professionals in each region, such as nurses.

“Until we see how the agreement affects nurses and other primary health care providers, we can’t take a strong stance here,” said Jeanne Besner, president of the Alberta Association of Registered Nurses.

“The AARN supports reform of primary health care,” she continued, adding that the AARN hoped the local Primary Care Initiatives would have a collaborative approach.

“We definitely feel we need to be involved and feel physicians want us involved,” she said.

The Physician’s Services agreement, the second part of the deal, will see a modest rise in fees for physicians over the course of three years, 2.7 per cent in the first year followed by increases of 2.9 and 3.5 per cent.

“The money’s never enough for everybody,” said Bharwani, though he emphasized that he is happy with the compensation package.

He said that when doctors aren’t compensated properly, “Your performance goes down, and in the end patients suffer.

“What patients are complaining about right now is a shortage of doctors,” he continued. “Will it attract more physicians to our province? We’ll have to wait and see.”

There is also a Physicians On-call Program agreement which will see improved access to specialist and rural physicians.

Finally, the Physician Office System Program agreement will see the automation of the paper-based physician’s offices and link their files to an electronic health record. The electronic record will allow physicians immediate access to a patient’s prescription history, allergies and laboratory tests resulting in a more accurate diagnosis and treatment.

The agreement will see $1.45 billion spent in the first year, $1.52 billion in year two and $1.65 billion in 2006. The agreement has two financial re-openers in 2006 and 2008.

The largest portion of the budget will go toward the Physician Services Agreement, $1.34 billion in year one followed by $1.4 billion and then $1.49 billion in years two and three.

The Primary Care Initiative will see $20 million, $20.5 million and $59.5 million over the course of the next three years. And the Physician On-call agreement will see infusions of $68.9 million, $71.4 million and $75.3 million in the first three years.

“It may sound big, but in practical use there may still be some shortfalls,” concluded Bharwani regarding the dollars being announced.

Alberta Health and Wellness has said from the start that the amount of money isn’t as important as the way the money is spent and what is targeted.

Doctors across the province will have the details of the agreement explained to them by representatives of the AMA in the coming two to three weeks before a ratification vote scheduled for Dec. 12. The AMA tour will be in Medicine Hat on Dec. 2.

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Pap Smear

How frequently should a woman have Pap smear?

The current recommendation is that all women from the age of 18 until age 69 should have a Pap smear every year. Regular Pap smear can prevent cervical cancer.

Unfortunately, 50 percent of Alberta women who develop cancer of the cervix have never had a pap smear or haven’t had smears as often as recommended, says Health Report for Albertans 2003.

This is really unfortunate. In 2002, it was estimated that 1400 Canadian women would develop cancer of the cervix and 410 would die from it, says the Health Report. Many of these lives could have been saved with yearly Pap smears.

In 1999, over 150 cases of invasive cervical cancer were recorded in Alberta, says a document produced by Alberta Cancer Board. In addition, approximately 1500 cases of cervical carcinoma in-situ (lesions that have not spread beyond the surface of the cervix) were recorded.

In the Palliser Health Region, from1996 to 2000, 19 cases of invasive cervical cancers were diagnosed (about four cases a year).

Cervical cancer used to be one of the most common and lethal cancers in women. Over the past 60 years, thanks to Pap smear, the death rate from cervical cancer has decreased dramatically.

Now some researchers are questioning the yearly screening programs.

“How often should we screen for cervical cancer?” is the title of an article in an October issue of the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

The American Cancer Society (ACS) recently revised their guidelines for screening for cervical cancer because there have been reports that cost-benefit analyses of lifelong annual screening may not result in substantially better outcomes than less frequent screening and is much more costly.

ACS now recommends interval between screenings ranging from one to three years, depending on several factors, such as age, screening history, type of Pap smear, and history of patient’s immunity.

The NEJM article says that the risk of lengthening the interval for screening is that many women will forget to comply with screening recommendation.

So, it is important that every woman should remember to have a Pap smear every year unless your physician advises you otherwise.

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